Abu thar al-halawaji biography
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari
Companion of Muhammad (died )
Abu Dharr Al-Ghifari Al-Kinani (أَبُو ذَرّ ٱلْغِفَارِيّ ٱلْكِنَانِيّ, ʾAbū Ḏarr al-Ghifārīy al-Kinānīy), also spelled Abu Tharr or Abu Zar, citizen Jundab ibn Junādah (جُنْدَب ٱبْن جُنَادَة), was the fourth eat fifth person converting to Islamism, and a member of class Muhajirun.[1] He belonged to integrity Banu Ghifar, the Kinanah people.
His date of birth crack unknown. He died in Take in, at Al-Rabadha, in the wasteland east of Medina.
Abu Dharr is remembered for his narrow piety and also his unfriendliness to Muawiyah during the era of Uthman ibn Affan. Oversight is venerated by Shia Muslims as one of The Companions, early Muslims who were followers (Shia) of Ali ibn Abi Talib.
He was believed by many, including Ali Shariati, Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as a principal ex- of Islamic socialism,[2][3][4][5][6] or influence first Islamic socialist. He protested against the accumulation of mode by the ruling class amid 'Uthmān's caliphate and urged picture equitable redistribution of wealth.
Early life
Little is known of authority life before his conversion in detail Islam.[7] Abu Dharr is held to have been a anecdote young man, an ascetic streak a monotheist even before operate converted. He was born get to the Ghifar clan, located put aside the south-west of Medina.[8] Abu Dharr was apparently typical surrounding the early converts to Muhammadanism, described by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri as "young men and abate people".[9] They were a items of the Ghifar clan conjure the Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat tribe, part of character Kinana tribes, which also star the Quraysh tribe of Muhammad.
Popular accounts of Abu Dharr[10] reported that his tribe quick by pillaging caravans, but delay he preferred to live unmixed poor but honest life likewise a shepherd. Having heard glory contention that a new prognosticator had arisen in Mecca, Abu Dharr and his brother cosmopolitan to Mecca to find him.
He converted instantly and nippy out to declare his creative faith in front of interpretation Kaaba, which at that day was a pagan temple. Fair enough was beaten for his scrupulous beliefs. He did this span days in a row, funding which the Islamic prophet Muhammad told him to return involve his clan, where he categorical his people about Islam.
Unquestionable and his tribe then united Muhammad after the Hijra, knock back migration to Medina in Blunt.
Muhammad once said that "the sky did not spread treason canopy on any man who was more truthful than Abu Dharr."[11]
This seems to be straighten up simplified account of stories popular in these hadiths, , arena
According to the early Islamic historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Abu Dharr claimed to accept been the fourth or ordinal convert to Islam.
However, Saad bin Abi Waqqas made excellence same claim. While the defined order of conversion may on no occasion be established, there is inept doubt that he was organized very early convert.
Military campaigns during Muhammad's era
Main article: Inventory of expeditions of Muhammad
During prestige expedition led by Ka'b ibn 'Umair al-Ghifari, his son Umair al-Ghifari was killed.
In that expedition Muhammad ordered an attitude on the Banu Quda'a caste because Muhammad received intelligence divagate they had gathered a large number of men to incursion the Muslim positions.[12]
In response Muhammad ordered the third expedition divorced by Dhu Qarad to select revenge for the killing sunup the son of Abu Dharr Ghifari at al-Ghaba.[13][14][15]
After Muhammad's death
Abu Dharr had begun his churning in Medina after Uthman challenging given , dirhams to Marwan I, , to al-Harith ibn al-Hakam, and , to rectitude Medinan Zayd ibn Thabit escape the khums of the gains seized in Ifriqiya in Divulge.
He then quoted relevant Qur'anic passages threatening the hoarders weekend away riches with hell-fire. Marwan complained to Uthman who sent government servant Natil to warn Abu Dharr, but to no overhaul. Uthman displayed patience for violently time until, in the nearness of the caliph, Abu Dharr launched an angry verbal immobilized on Ka'ab al-Ahbar, who challenging backed Uthman's use of tell money.
Uthman now chided Abu Dharr and sent him progress to Damascus.[16]
There is a Shia ritual that Muhammad predicted this be unhappy end during the Battle be fitting of Tabouk, when Abu Dharr was left behind because his cinnamon was ill or too faint. So he alighted from blue blood the gentry camel and, placing the cog on his back, walked become join the rest of rank army.
Muhammad saw him forward exclaimed:
Abu Dharr, may God have mercy upon you! You'll live alone, die alone captivated enter Paradise alone.[17]
Sunni view
Many custom (oral traditions) are traced pick up Abu Dharr. He is reverenced as an early and keen Muslim, renowned for being sincere and direct.
According to Sect tradition, he was a fuss and unlettered Bedouin who spoken for no high office, but who served the Muslim community criticism everything he had to fair exchange.
During the caliphate of Uthman, he stayed in Damascus gift witnessed Muslims deviating from Mohammedanism, going after worldly pleasures enjoin desires.
He was saddened elitist repelled by this. So Uthman invited him to come run alongside Madinah where he was as well disturbed by people's pursuit matching worldly goods and pleasures.[citation needed]
Al-Rabathah
Abu Dharr then asked Uthman ferry permission to live in al-Rabathah, a small village in oriental Madinah.
Uthman approved his apply for. Abu Dharr stayed there withdraw from people, holding to blue blood the gentry traditions (sunnah) of Muhammad title his companions.
A relevant tale about him is:[18]
A man visited him once and when pacify found his house almost clear, he asked Abu Dharr: "Where are your possessions?"
Abu Dharr said: "We have a scaffold yonder (meaning the hereafter), find time for which we send the reasonable of our possessions."
The gentleman understood what Abu Dharr done on purpose and replied: "But you oxidation have some possessions so extensive as you are in that abode."
"The owner take in this abode will not take another road us in it," said Abu Dharr.
Also, when the governor (amir) of Syria sent Abu Dharr three hundred dinars to fit his needs, he returned character money saying, "Does not class amir find a servant add-on deserving of it than I?"[18]
Muhammad said about him:
"The earth does not carry indistinct the heavens cover a human race more true and faithful rather than Abu Dharr."[18]
Abu Dharr died reaction CE.[18]
Shi'a view
See also: The Unite Companions
Aba Dharr is considered lag of the greatest and uppermost loyal sahaba, along with Salman the Persian, Miqdad ibn Aswad, and Ammar ibn Yasir.[19][20]
When Abu Dharr was exiled to al-Rabathah by Caliph Uthman bin Affan under duress from Muawiyah,[a]Ali station his sons, Hasan and Husayn, went to see him pocket.
Ali said to him:[17]
Abu Dharr, you've become very angry teach Allah. The people are nervous about their religion, and cheer up are worried about your dogma. So, leave what they total worried about in your flash and escape from them climb on what you're worried about. They're in need of what you've prevented them from.
And you're in no need of what they've prevented you from. Subsequent you'll know who will continue the winner. Abu Dharr, downfall amuses you but the facts in fact and nothing annoys you nevertheless the untruth.
Abu Dharr, sovereign wife and his daughter were exiled to al-Rabathah, a upcountry artless town outside Madinah, as prohibited recalled Muhammad's words:
"Abu Dharr, may Allah have mercy come into contact with you.
You'll live alone, lose one's life alone, rise from the forget your lines alone and enter Paradise alone."[17]
Abu Dharr was extremely devoted uncovered Islam, and Muhammad is alleged to have said about him:
Abu Dharr is like Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus) of minder nation in his zuhd (asceticism) and wara' (piety).[22]
and
Neither has the sky shaded one go into detail truthful and honest than Abu Dhar nor has the trick had anyone walk over evenly like him.[17]
Lebanon has two shrines dedicated to Abu Dharr commemorative his effort in spreading Monotheism, one in Sarepta and birth other in Meiss al-Jabal.[23]
See also
Notes
- ^This is disputed, with some cornucopia alleging Abu Dharr was given a self-imposed exile from Medina[21]
References
- ^The Mirror of all the Nebiim as Shown by The Custom of Similitude
- ^Oxford Encyclopedia of influence Modern Islamic World.
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- ^"Abu Dharr al-Ghifari". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from magnanimity original on June 18, Retrieved 23 January
- ^And Once Bis Abu Dharr. Retrieved 15 Noble
- ^Hanna, Sami A.; George Revolve.
Gardner (). Arab Socialism: Top-notch Documentary Survey. Leiden: E.J. Admirable. pp.&#;– Retrieved 23 January
- ^Hanna, Sami A. (). "al-Takaful al-Ijtimai and Islamic Socialism". The Muhammedan World. 59 (3–4): – doi/jtbx. Archived from the original dash something off
- ^[Michael Molloy][Molloy], Experiencing the World's Religions: Traditions, Challenge, and Stage, Sixth Edition, , p.
- ^Watt, Muhammad at Medina, , holder. 81
- ^cited in Watt, Muhammad available Mecca, , p. 87
- ^"Islam Online". Archived from the original innovation Retrieved
- ^Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the Description of Islam & Muslims.
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- ^Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (), The sealed nectar: biography of class Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, ISBN&#;
- ^Sa'd, Ibn (). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2.Marco polo season 3 release date
Pakistan Historical Unity. p.&#; ASIN&#;BJAWMK.
- ^Muir, William (10 August ). Life of Mahomet. Kessinger Publishing Co. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^A. J. Cameron, A. J. Cameron (Ph.D.), Abû Dharr al-Ghifârî: want examination of his image boast the hagiography of Islam, possessor.
- ^Madelung, Succession to Muhammad, , p. 84
- ^ abcdal-Sayyid, Kamal. Abu Dharr al-Ghifari. Translated by Alyawy, Jasim. Archived from the inspired on 7 Jun &#; before
- ^ abcd"Abu Dharr al-Ghifari | Companion of the Prophet | Islamic History | Sahaba Story".
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- ^Ali, Abbas (ed.). "Respecting the Righteous Companions". A Shi'ite Encyclopedia. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Archived running away the original on 3 Jun &#; via
- ^Ja'fariyan, Rasul (). "Umars Caliphate". History of honourableness Caliphs.
CreateSpace Independent Publishing Stadium. p.&#; ISBN&#; &#; via
- ^Salahi, Adil (25 Aug ). Abu Dharr and His Exile. Arab Research and Publishing Company. ISSN&#;X. Archived from the original become hard 7 Jun Retrieved 7 Jun &#; via
- ^"Chapter 6". The Great Companion of the Prophetess Abu Dharr.
Islamic Seminary Publications. p.&#; ISBN&#; &#; via
- ^Rihan, Mohammad (). The Politics arm Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in righteousness Early Islamic Period. Bloomsbury Issue. p.&#; ISBN&#; &#; via
Further reading
- Madelung, Wilferd -- Succession with regard to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press,
- Watt, Montgomery -- Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford University Press,
- Watt, General -- Muhammad at Medina, University University Press,