Teoria simbiotica de lynn margulis biography

American evolutionary biologist (–)

Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; Pace 5, – November 22, ) was an American evolutionary naturalist, and was the primary today's proponent for the significance grip symbiosis in evolution. In from top to bottom, Margulis transformed and fundamentally fastened current understanding of the regular change of cells with nuclei gross proposing it to have antique the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria.

Margulis was additionally the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British druggist James Lovelock, proposing that leadership Earth functions as a free self-regulating system, and was excellence principal defender and promulgator inducing the five kingdom classification custom Robert Whittaker.

Throughout her continuance, Margulis' work could arouse upsurge objections,^[1][2] and her formative monograph, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in after questionnaire rejected by about fifteen journals.^[3] Still a junior faculty contributor at Boston University at nobleness time, her theory that cubicle organelles such as mitochondria submit chloroplasts were once independent viruses was largely ignored for in relation to decade, becoming widely accepted lone after it was powerfully corroborate through genetic evidence.

Margulis was elected a member of primacy US National Academy of Sciences in President Bill Clinton debonair her the National Medal catch the fancy of Science in The Linnean Country of London awarded her character Darwin-Wallace Medal in

Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.^[4] Her position sparked lifelong argument with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, inclusive of Richard Dawkins,^[5]George C.

Williams, accept John Maynard Smith.^{[1]:&#;30,&#;67,&#;74–78,&#;88–92&#;} Margulis' reading on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, thick-headed back to the midth c – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – increase in intensity Margulis not only promoted more advantageous recognition for their contributions, nevertheless personally oversaw the first Truly translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: Unadulterated New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before socialize death.

Many of her greater works, particularly those intended on the road to a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.

In , Discover quarterly recognized Margulis as one brake the 50 most important cohort in science.^[6]

Early life and education

Lynn Petra Alexander^[7][8] was born pay March 5, ^[9] in Port, to a Jewish family.^[10] Fallow parents were Morris Alexander good turn Leona Wise Alexander.

She was the eldest of four sprouts. Her father was an counsellor who also ran a presence that made road paints. Subtract mother operated a travel agency.^[11] She entered the Hyde Parkland Academy High School in ,^[12] describing herself as a damaging student who frequently had relating to stand in the corner.^[8]

A quick child, she was accepted argue the University of Chicago Workplace Schools^[13] at the age emblematic fifteen.^[14][15][16] In , at maturity 19, she earned a BA from the University of City in Liberal Arts.

She connected the University of Wisconsin teach study biology under Hans Ris and Walter Plaut, her gaffer, and graduated in with be thinking about MS in genetics and fauna. (Her first publication, published reliable Plaut in in the Journal of Protozoology, was on decency genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals and plants.)^[17] She then trail research at the University consume California, Berkeley, under the biologist Max Alfert.

Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered research associateship and commit fraud lectureship at Brandeis University control Massachusetts in It was measurement working there that she imitative her PhD from the Creation of California, Berkeley in Concoct thesis was An Unusual Exemplar of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena.^[18]

Career

In she moved to Boston Founding, where she taught biology protect twenty-two years.

She was primarily an Adjunct Assistant Professor, accordingly was appointed to Assistant Academician in She was promoted register Associate Professor in , appoint full Professor in , added to University Professor in Undecided she was appointed Distinguished Prof of Botany at the Institute of Massachusetts at Amherst. She was Distinguished Professor of Aggregation in In she transferred know the Department of Geosciences win UMass Amherst to become Noted Professor of Geosciences "with summative delight",^[19] the post which she held until her death.^[20]

Endosymbiosis theory

Main article: Symbiogenesis

In , as far-out young faculty member at Beantown University, Margulis wrote a improbable paper titled "On the Rise of Mitosing Cells".^[22] The publication, however, was "rejected by matter fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.^[3] It was finally accepted impervious to Journal of Theoretical Biology move is considered today a watershed in modern endosymbiotic theory.

Grinding constant criticism of her significance for decades, Margulis was acclaimed for her tenacity in almost her theory forward, despite dignity opposition she faced at nobility time.^[8] The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in by Robert Schwartz pivotal Margaret Dayhoff.^[23] This formed honesty first experimental evidence for honesty symbiogenesis theory.^[8] The endosymbiosis timidly of organogenesis became widely be a failure in the early s, astern the genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts had been strong to be significantly different expend that of the symbiont's 1 DNA.^[24]

In , English evolutionary naturalist Richard Dawkins had this regain consciousness say about Lynn Margulis nearby her work:

I greatly show consideration for Lynn Margulis's sheer courage stand for stamina in sticking by excellence endosymbiosis theory, and carrying remove from office through from being an heresy to an orthodoxy.

I'm referring to the theory that goodness eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of birth great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I greatly esteem her for it.^[3]

Symbiosis as evolutionary force

Main article: Symbiosis

See also: Straight gene transfer

Margulis opposed competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the market price of symbiotic or cooperative negotiations between species.^[25]

She later formulated pure theory that proposed symbiotic affairs between organisms of different phyla, or kingdoms, as the dynamic force of evolution, and explained genetic variation as occurring principally through transfer of nuclear data between bacterial cells or germs and eukaryotic cells.^[25] Her organ genesis ideas are now at large accepted, but the proposal defer symbiotic relationships explain most folk variation is still something break into a fringe idea.^[25]

Margulis also retained a negative view of think interpretations of Neo-Darwinism that she felt were excessively focused round-table competition between organisms, as she believed that history will sooner or later judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century religious sect fundamentally the sprawling religious persuasion possess Anglo-Saxon Biology."^[25] She wrote renounce proponents of the standard premise "wallow in their zoological, greedy, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation of Naturalist – having mistaken him Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the laggard accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection], is in efficient complete funk."^[25]

Gaia hypothesis

Further information: Gaia hypothesis

Margulis initially sought out representation advice of James Lovelock dispense her own research: she explained that, "In the early decennium, I was trying to assemble bacteria by their metabolic pathways.

I noticed that all kinds of bacteria produced gases. o hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, cryogen, ammonia—more than thirty different gases are given off by authority bacteria whose evolutionary history Unrestrained was keen to reconstruct. Ground did every scientist I on purpose believe that atmospheric oxygen was a biological product but probity other atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, s and so on—were not?

'Go talk to Lovelock,' at littlest four different scientists suggested. Lovelock believed that the gases stop in mid-sentence the atmosphere were biological."^[3]

Margulis decrease with Lovelock, who explained crown Gaia hypothesis to her, stall very soon they began resourcefulness intense collaborative effort on magnanimity concept.^[3] One of the earlier significant publications on Gaia was a paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly definite the hypothesis as follows: "The notion of the biosphere chimpanzee an active adaptive control usage able to maintain the Nature in homeostasis we are profession the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"^[26]

Like other absolutely presentations of Lovelock's idea, goodness Lovelock-Margulis paper seemed to explore living organisms complete agency accent creating planetary self-regulation, whereas posterior, as the idea matured, that planetary-scale self-regulation was recognized chimpanzee an emergent property of loftiness Earth system, life and wear smart clothes physical environment taken together.^[27] During the time that climatologist Stephen Schneider convened blue blood the gentry American Geophysical Union Chapman Advice around the issue of Gaia, the idea of "strong Gaia" and "weak Gaia" was imported by James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated comprehend the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "Gaia keep to a Tough Bitch" dates steer clear of – and it stated assemblage own distinction from Lovelock gorilla she saw it, which was primarily that she did band like the metaphor of Trick as a single organism, considering, she said, "No organism meat its own waste").^[3] In send someone away book Symbiotic Planet, Margulis explored the relationship between Gaia jaunt her work on symbiosis.^[28]

Five kingdoms of life

In , life respectability earth was classified into fivesome kingdoms, as introduced by Parliamentarian Whittaker.^[29] Margulis became the overbearing important supporter, as well type critic^[30] – while supporting gifts, she was the first regard recognize the limitations of Whittaker's classification of microbes.^[31] But afterward discoveries of new organisms, much as archaea, and emergence unknot molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.^[32] By the mids, most scientists began to agree that near are more than five kingdoms.^[33][34] Margulis became the most material defender of the five nation classification.

She rejected the three-domain system introduced by Carl Woese in , which gained run through acceptance. She introduced a varied classification by which all empire forms, including the newly observed, could be integrated into picture classical five kingdoms. According disclose Margulis, the main problem, archaea, falls under the kingdom Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast end the three-domain system, which treats archaea as a higher taxon than kingdom, or the six-kingdom system, which holds that redden is a separate kingdom).^[32] Margulis' concept is given in distinctly in her book Five Kingdoms, written with Karlene V.

Schwartz.^[35] It has been suggested depart it is mainly because warm Margulis that the five-kingdom practice survives.^[19]

Metamorphosis theory

In , via neat as a pin then-standard publication-process known as "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional peep review), she was instrumental ordinary getting the Proceedings of distinction National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) to publish a paper timorous Donald I.

Williamson rejecting "the Darwinian assumption that larvae perch their adults evolved from capital single common ancestor."^[36][37] Williamson's article provoked immediate response from greatness scientific community, including a countering paper in PNAS.^[36] Conrad Labandeira of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History said, "If I was reviewing [Williamson's paper] I would probably opt transmit reject it," he says, "but I'm not saying it's copperplate bad thing that this crack published.

What it may beat is broaden the discussion touch how metamorphosis works and [] [on] the origin of these very radical life cycles." On the contrary Duke University insect developmental naturalist Fred Nijhout said that significance paper was better suited fulfill the "National Enquirer than class National Academy."^[38] In September vision was announced that PNAS would eliminate communicated submissions in July PNAS stated that the get to the bottom of had nothing to do darn the Williamson controversy.^[37]

AIDS/HIV theory

In Margulis and seven others authored top-hole position paper concerning research persist the viability of round thing forms of some spirochetes, "Syphilis, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Restoration of 'the great imitator'?"^[39] which states that, "Detailed research divagate correlates life histories of symbiotic spirochetes to changes in influence immune system of associated vertebrates is sorely needed", and prompting the "reinvestigation of the pure history of mammalian, tick-borne, tolerate venereal transmission of spirochetes welloff relation to impairment of distinction human immune system".

The article went on to suggest "that the possible direct causal reveal of spirochetes and their hoop-shaped bodies to symptoms of sheltered deficiency be carefully and like mad investigated".^[39]

In a Discover Magazine talk, Margulis explained her reason expend interest in the topic assault the "AIDS" paper: "I'm caring in spirochetes only because disruption our ancestry.

I'm not commiserating in the diseases", and purported that she had called them "symbionts" because both the eubacterium which causes syphilis (Treponema) deliver the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (Borrelia) only retain go up in price 20% of the genes they would need to live cheerfully, outside of their human hosts.^[4]

However, in the Discover Magazine cross-examine Margulis said that "the at the bottom of the sea of symptoms, or syndrome, debonair by syphilitics overlaps completely meet another syndrome: AIDS", and extremely noted that Kary Mullis^[a] oral that "he went looking watch over a reference substantiating that Retrovirus causes AIDS and discovered, 'There is no such document' ".^[4]

This infuriated a widespread supposition that Margulis had been an "AIDS denialist".

Jerry Coyne reacted on emperor Why Evolution is True personal blog against his interpretation that Margulis believed "that AIDS is honestly syphilis, not viral in foundation at all."^[40]Seth Kalichman, a general psychologist who studies behavioral nearby social aspects of AIDS, empty her [Margulis] paper as encyclopaedia example of AIDS denialism "flourishing",^[41] and asserted that her [Margulis] "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".^[42]

Reception

Historian Jan Sapp has thought that "Lynn Margulis's name wreckage as synonymous with symbiosis because Charles Darwin's is with evolution."^[1] She has been called "science's unruly earth mother",^[43] a "vindicated heretic",^[44] or a scientific "rebel",^[45] It has been suggested ditch initial rejection of Margulis' dike on the endosymbiotic theory, predominant the controversial nature of consent to as well as Gaia hesitantly, made her identify throughout safe career with scientific mavericks, outsiders, and unaccepted theories generally.^[1]

In influence last decade of her selfpossessed, while key components of respite life's work began to aside understood as fundamental to uncomplicated modern scientific viewpoint – interpretation widespread adoption of Earth Pathway Science and the incorporation behoove key parts of endosymbiotic view into biology curricula worldwide – Margulis if anything became statesman embroiled in controversy, not overpowering.

Journalist John Wilson explained that by saying that Lynn Margulis "defined herself by oppositional science,"^[46] and in the commemorative accumulation of essays Lynn Margulis: Authority Life and Legacy of orderly Scientific Rebel, commentators again standing again depict her as unadorned modern embodiment of the "scientific rebel",^[1] akin to Freeman Dyson's essay The Scientist as Rebel, a tradition Dyson saw bodied in Benjamin Franklin, and which Dyson believed to be certain to good science.^[47]

Awards and recognitions

• , Elected Fellow of the Earth Association for the Advancement elect Science.^[18]
• , Guggenheim Fellowship.^[20]
• , Elected type the National Academy of Sciences.^[48]
• , Guest Hagey Lecturer, University be partial to Waterloo.^[49]
• , Miescher-Ishida Prize.^[20]
• , conferred rank Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.^[18]
• , recipient warning sign Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished License of the University of Colony at Amherst.^[19]
• , elected Fellow slope the World Academy of Tension and Science.^[50][51]
• , elected to interpretation Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.^[8][50]
• , papers permanently archived in decency Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.^[52]
• , recipient of the Distinguished Leasing Award of the American Institution of Biological Sciences.^[19]
• , elected Lookalike of the American Academy panic about Arts and Sciences.^[53]
• , recipient be in possession of the William Procter Prize get something done Scientific Achievement.^[54]
• , recipient of distinction National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J.

  Clinton.^[55][56][57]

• , Golden Plate Award of righteousness American Academy of Achievement^[58]
• –05, Alexanders von Humboldt Prize.^[59]
• , elected Top banana of Sigma Xi, The Well-ordered Research Society.^[50]
• , Founded Sciencewriters Books with her son Dorion.^[60]
• , single of thirteen recipients in elaborate the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore presented every 50 years, by significance Linnean Society of London.^[61]
• , conscript into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking^[62] at excellence University of Advancing Technology pen Tempe, Arizona.
• , NASA Public Join up Award for Astrobiology.^[20]
• , Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life get through to Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, ^[63]
• , the Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1– go stale the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" absorb a special issue
• Honorary doctorate foreigner 15 universities.^[50]

Personal life

Margulis married stargazer Carl Sagan in soon aft she got her bachelor's stage.

Sagan was then a high student in physics at leadership University of Chicago. Their wedlock ended in , just beforehand she completed her PhD. They had two sons, Dorion Sagan, who later became a accepted science writer and her associate, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology.^{[citation needed]}

In she married Thomas Make-believe.

Margulis, a crystallographer. They confidential a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York City inappropriate defense lawyer, and a lass Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.^[64][65] They divorced in ^{[citation needed]}

She commented, "I quit my work as a wife twice," promote, "it's not humanly possible cast off your inhibitions be a good wife, practised good mother, and a sterling scientist.

No one can untie it — something has up go."^[65]

In the s she difficult to understand a relationship with fellow scientist Ricardo Guerrero.^[12]

Margulis argued that dignity September 11 attacks were cool "false-flag operation, which has back number used to justify the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq restructuring well as unprecedented assaults piece of legislation [] civil liberties." She wrote that there was "overwhelming witness that the three buildings [of the World Trade Center] decayed by controlled demolition."^[1]

She was splendid religious agnostic,^[12] and a resolute evolutionist, but rejected the novel evolutionary synthesis,^[4] and said: "I remember waking up one give to with an epiphanous revelation: Hilarious am not a neo-Darwinist!

Crazed recalled an earlier experience, during the time that I realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Although Distracted greatly admire Darwin's contributions coupled with agree with most of potentate theoretical analysis and I signify a Darwinist, I am moan a neo-Darwinist."^[3] She argued digress "Natural selection eliminates and in all likelihood maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that symbiosis was the major driver of evolutionary change.^[4]

Margulis died on November 22, , at home in Amherst, Massachusetts, five days after desolation a hemorrhagic stroke.^{[9][7][8][65][66]} As amass wish, she was cremated lecturer her ashes were scattered mould her favorite research areas, nigh on her home.^[67]

Works

Books

• Margulis, Lynn ().

  Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, Yale Further education college Press, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn (). Early Life, Science Books International, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Origins of Sex: Three Loads Years of Genetic Recombination, Philanthropist University Press, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, additional Dorion Sagan ().

  Microcosmos: Quaternity Billion Years of Evolution take the stones out of Our Microbial Ancestors, HarperCollins, ISBN&#;X

• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Mystery Dance: On the Revolving of Human Sexuality, Summit Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, ed. (). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, Excellence MIT Press, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn ().

  "Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins faux Cell Motility". In Osawa, Syozo; Honzo, Tasuku (eds.). Evolution designate Life. Japan: Springer. pp.&#;– doi/_ ISBN&#;.

• Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiosis emergence Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities draw the Archean and Proterozoic Eons, W.H. Freeman, ISBN&#;
• Sagan, Dorion, snowball Margulis, Lynn ().

  The Parkland of Microbial Delights: A Commonplace Guide to the Subvisible World, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan and Niles Eldredge () What Is Life?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Slanted Truths: Essays location Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution, Stargazer Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan ().

  What Is Sex?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz (). Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Coerce to the Phyla of Living thing on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiotic Planet: A New Look certify Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, et al. ().

  The Seize power from Chronicles: The Quest to Give a positive response Global Climate Change, University healthy New Hampshire, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, soar Dorion Sagan (). Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Babyhood of Species, Perseus Books Grade, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn (). Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Love, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, nearby Eduardo Punset, eds.

  (). Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations inactive Great Scientists of Our Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, viewpoint Dorion Sagan (). Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature obey Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;

Journals

• Margulis (Sagan), L ().

  "On the Prelude of Mitosing Cells". Journal make famous Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): – BibcodeJThBiS. doi/(67) PMID&#;

• Margulis, L (). "Genetic and evolutionary consequences dispense symbiosis". Experimental Parasitology. 39 (2): – doi/(76) PMID&#;
• Margulis, L ().

  "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): – BibcodeBiSysM. doi/(80) PMID&#;

• Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (). "Symbiosis as a mechanism bring into play evolution: status of cell mutualism theory". Symbiosis. 1: – PMID&#;
• Sagan, D; Margulis, L (). "Gaia and the evolution of machines".

  Whole Earth Review. 55: 15– PMID&#;

• Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, G (). "Prokaryotic origin disseminate undulipodia. Application of the procyonid principle to the centriole enigma". Annals of the New Dynasty Academy of Sciences. (1): – BibcodeNYASAB. doi/jtbx. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J ().

  "The evolutionary transition from RNA to Polymer in early cells". Journal declining Molecular Evolution. 27 (4): – BibcodeJMolEL. doi/bf PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Margulis, Applause (). "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field trap endocytobiology". BioScience. 40 (9): – doi/ JSTOR&#; PMID&#;
• Margulis, L ().

  "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the trigger of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification emancipation life". Proceedings of the Racial Academy of Sciences of leadership United States of America. 93 (3): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology.

  1 (4): – PMID&#;

• Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, Attention. (). "The chimeric eukaryote: Foundation of the nucleus from nobility karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists". Proceedings of the National Academy gaze at Sciences. 97 (13): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;
• Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L.

  (). "Spirochete and protist symbionts disregard a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) focal Miocene amber". Proceedings of authority National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): – BibcodePNASW. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (). "Motility proteins and the source of the nucleus".

  The Morphology Record. (3): – doi/ar PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Margulis, L (). "Hans Ris (–). Genophore, chromosomes don the bacterial origin of chloroplasts". International Microbiology. 8 (2): –8. PMID&#;
• Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (). "The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility pass up aerotolerant spirochetes in the Aeon Eon".

  Proceedings of the Public Academy of Sciences. (35): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (). "Advances in biology reveal truth value prokaryotes". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturD. doi/b. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Margulis, Lynn; Hawker, Michael; Dolan, Michael F.

  (). "Semes for analysis of evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the sulphurous Aeon eon". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (10): 1. doi/nrgc1. PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L. (). "Destruction of eubacterium Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline".

  Proceedings of the National Academy diagram Sciences. (44): – BibcodePNASB. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, MF; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications the origin and evolution disregard cilia". The Biological Bulletin.

  (1): 25– doi/BBLvn1p PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (). "Symbiogenesis: the holobiont as a unit of evolution". International Microbiology. 16 (3): – doi/ PMID&#;

Explanatory notes

References