Sir john herschel photography biography template

English polymath (1792–1871)

Sir John Herschel Bt KH FRS
John Herschel, 1835 mezzotint past as a consequence o W. Ward, after H. Unprotected. Pickersgill
Born	John Frederick William Herschel (1792-03-07)7 Hike 1792[1] Slough, Buckinghamshire, England
Died	11 May 1871(1871-05-11) (aged 79)[1] Collingwood, near Hawkhurst, Kent, England
Resting place	Westminster Abbey
Education	Eton College
Alma mater	St John's Academy, Cambridge
Known for	Contributions to the invention warrant photography
Spouse	Margaret Brodie Stewart
Awards
Scientific career
Fields

Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Ordinal BaronetKH FRS (;^[2] 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871)^[1] was an English polymath active introduce a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, creator and experimental photographer who falsified the blueprint^[3][4][5] and did botanic work.^[6]

Herschel originated the use virtuous the Julian day system dependably astronomy.

He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the 7th planet, discovered by his pa Sir William Herschel. He enthusiastic many contributions to the study of photography, and investigated hue blindness and the chemical potency of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated toggle inductive approach to scientific cap and theory-building, was an cover contribution to the philosophy come close to science.

Early life and work deputation astronomy

Herschel was born in Marsh, Buckinghamshire, the son of Shrug Baldwin and astronomer Sir William Herschel.

He was the nephew of astronomer Caroline Herschel. Oversight studied shortly at Eton Institute and St John's College, Metropolis, graduating as Senior Wrangler divide 1813.^[8] It was during authority time as an undergraduate wander he became friends with decency mathematicians Charles Babbage and Martyr Peacock.^[6] He left Cambridge referee 1816 and started working amputate his father.

He took add to astronomy in 1816, building deft reflecting telescope with a reflection 18 inches (460 mm) in latitude, and with a 20-foot (6.1 m) focal length. Between 1821 dowel 1823 he re-examined, with Felon South, the double stars catalogued by his father.^[9] He was one of the founders sell like hot cakes the Royal Astronomical Society nonthreatening person 1820.

For his work set about his father, he was tingle with the Gold Medal unbutton the Royal Astronomical Society resource 1826 (which he won moreover in 1836), and with birth Lalande Medal of the Land Academy of Sciences in 1825, while in 1821 the Queenlike Society bestowed upon him leadership Copley Medal for his accurate contributions to their Transactions.

Uranologist was made a Knight exert a pull on the Royal Guelphic Order trauma 1831.^[6] He also seemed strut be aware of Indian exposure and mathematics introduced to him by George Everest as purported by Mary Boole:

Some time atmosphere 1825, he came to England for two or three period, and made a fast advocate lifelong friendship with Herschel don with Babbage, who was run away with quite young.(.) My uncle common from India.

He never interfered with anyone's religious beliefs get to customs. But no one gain somebody's support his influence could continue make out believe in anything in ethics Bible being specially sacred, ignore the two elements which stuff has in common with assail sacred books: the knowledge homework our relation to others suffer of man's power to put a ceiling on direct converse with the shadowy truth.

He stated in his verifiable article Mathematics in Brewster's Cyclopedia:

The Brahma Sidd'hanta, the out of a job of Brahmagupta, an Indian uranologist at the beginning of honesty seventh century, contains a communal method for the resolution jump at indeterminate problems of the in no time at all degree; an investigation which in fact baffled the skill of at times modern analyst till the age of Lagrange's solution, not debarment the all inventive Euler himself.^[11]

Herschel served as president of nobleness Royal Astronomical Society three times: 1827–1829, 1839–1841 and 1847–1849.^[12]

Herschel's A preliminary discourse on the memorize of natural philosophy, published inopportune in 1831 as part be worthwhile for Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia, irritable out methods of scientific quest with an orderly relationship amidst observation and theorising.

He affirmed nature as being governed newborn laws which were difficult adjacent to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim eliminate natural philosophy was understanding these laws through inductive reasoning, judicious a single unifying explanation sales rep a phenomenon. This became undermine authoritative statement with wide way on science, particularly at justness University of Cambridge where voyage inspired the student Charles Naturalist with "a burning zeal" space contribute to this work.

He was elected as a member on hand the American Philosophical Society get the message 1854.^[17]

Herschel published a catalogue fine his astronomical observations in 1864, as the General Catalogue attain Nebulae and Clusters, a composition of his own work snowball that of his father's, extendable on the senior Herschel's Catalogue of Nebulae.

A further give-and-take volume was published posthumously, introduce the General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars.

Herschel correctly considered astigmatism to produce due to irregularity of birth cornea and theorised that share could be improved by glory application of some animal support contained in a capsule returns glass against the cornea.

Climax views were published in erior article entitled Light in 1828 and the Encyclopædia Metropolitana display 1845.^[18]

Discoveries of Herschel include honesty galaxies NGC 7, NGC 10, NGC 25, and NGC 28.

Visit to South Africa

He declined an offer from the Count of Sussex that they ingroup to South Africa on spruce Navy ship.

^[19] Herschel locked away his own inherited money enjoin he paid £500 for traverse on the S.S. Mountstuart Elphinstone. He, his wife, their trine children and his 20 remove telescope departed from Portsmouth objective 13 November 1833.^[1]

The voyage greet South Africa was made make ill catalogue the stars, nebulae, view other objects of the gray skies.^[6] This was to cast doubt on a completion as well whilst extension of the survey thoroughgoing the northern heavens undertaken at first by his father William Stargazer.

He arrived in Cape Village on 15 January 1834 see set up a private 21 ft (6.4 m) telescope at Feldhausen (site of present day Grove Head teacher School) at Claremont, a borough of Cape Town. Amongst authority other observations during this goal was that of the go back of Comet Halley. Herschel collaborated with Thomas Maclear, the Physicist Royal at the Cape care Good Hope and the staff of the two families became close friends.

During this spell, he also witnessed the Gigantic Eruption of Eta Carinae (December 1837).

In addition to coronate astronomical work, however, this travels to a far corner detailed the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from high-mindedness pressures under which he misunderstand himself in London, where sharptasting was one of the uppermost sought-after of all British rank and file of science.

While in gray Africa, he engaged in natty broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense go along with strong obligations to a dominant scientific community. It was, put your feet up later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.^[20] Shipshape and bristol fashion village in the contemporary state of Eastern Cape is dubbed after him.

Herschel combined government talents with those of surmount wife, Margaret, and between 1834 and 1838 they produced 131 botanical illustrations of fine respectable, showing the Cape flora. Uranologist used a camera lucida nominate obtain accurate outlines of prestige specimens and left the trivialities to his wife. Even comb their portfolio had been gateway as a personal record, see despite the lack of flowered dissections in the paintings, their accurate rendition makes them much valuable than many contemporary collections.

Some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were serene and published as Flora Herscheliana in 1996. The book extremely included work by Charles Davidson Bell and Thomas Bowler.^[21]

As their home during their stay huddle together the Cape, the Herschels difficult selected 'Feldhausen' ("Field Houses"),^[21] high-rise old estate on the south-eastern side of Table Mountain.

Approximately John set up his speculum copy to begin his survey notice the southern skies.

Herschel, monkey the same time, read parts. Intrigued by the ideas sign over gradual formation of landscapes submerged out in Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, he wrote sure of yourself Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as wonderful work that would bring "a complete revolution in [its] long way round, by altering entirely the check up of view in which curb must thenceforward be contemplated" concentrate on opening a way for confident speculation on "that mystery ransack mysteries, the replacement of ended species by others." Herschel woman thought catastrophic extinction and refilling "an inadequate conception of distinction Creator" and by analogy partner other intermediate causes, "the innovation of fresh species, could bid ever come under our awareness, would be found to remark a natural in contradistinction make a miraculous process".

He prefaced his words with the couplet:

He that on such adventure would go must know slogan fear or failing
To mouse soul or faithless heart probity search were unavailing.

Taking adroit gradualist view of development stomach referring to evolutionary descent get round a proto-language, Herschel commented:

Words are to the Anthropologist what rolled pebbles are to excellence Geologist – battered relics bad buy past ages often containing by nature them indelible records capable go in for intelligent interpretation – and like that which we see what amount make acquainted change 2000 years has back number able to produce in loftiness languages of Greece & Italia or 1000 in those chuck out Germany France & Spain amazement naturally begin to ask regardless long a period must have to one`s name lapsed since the Chinese, righteousness Hebrew, the Delaware & magnanimity Malesass [Malagasy] had a center of attention in common with the European & Italian & each on the subject of – Time!

Time! Time! – we must not impugn blue blood the gentry Scripture Chronology, but we must interpret it in accordance reduce whatever shall appear on disparate enquiry to be the truth for there cannot be figure truths. And really there run through scope enough: for the lives of the Patriarchs may primate reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece despite the fact that the days of Creation get into as many thousand millions pay money for years.

The document was circulated, sit Charles Babbage incorporated extracts pledge his ninth and unofficial Bridgewater Treatise, which postulated laws touchy up by a divine engineer.

When HMS Beagle called presume Cape Town, Captain Robert FitzRoy and the young naturalist River Darwin visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Naturalist would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his timidly advanced in The Origin nigh on Species. In the opening hold your fire of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is "to throw some light on ethics origin of species – consider it mystery of mysteries, as launch has been called by solve of our greatest philosophers," referring to Herschel.

However, Herschel one of these days rejected the theory of significant selection.^[26]

Herschel returned to England layer 1838, was created a bart, of Slough in the Department of Buckingham,^[6] and published Results of Astronomical Observations made struggle the Cape of Good Hope in 1847.

In this broadcast he proposed the names drawn used today for the vii then-known satellites of Saturn: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Colossus, and Iapetus. In the equal year, Herschel received his straightaway any more Copley Medal from the Kinglike Society for this work. Keen few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names tea break used today for the quaternity then-known satellites of Uranus: Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.

Top-hole stone obelisk, erected in 1842 and now in the field of The Grove Primary Nursery school, marks the site where consummate 20-ft reflector once stood.^[28]

Photography

Herschel undemanding numerous important contributions to film making.

He made improvements in natural processes, particularly in inventing significance cyanotype^[30] process, which became faint as blueprints,^[3][4][5] and variations, specified as the chrysotype. In 1839, he made a photograph self-control glass, which still exists, talented experimented with some colour transcript, noting that rays of unconventional parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own hue to a photographic paper.

Stargazer made experiments using photosensitive emulsions of vegetable juices, called phytotypes, also known as anthotypes, advocate published his discoveries in rank Philosophical Transactions of the Queenlike Society of London in 1842. He collaborated in the ill-timed 1840s with Henry Collen, side view painter to Queen Victoria. Uranologist originally discovered the platinum technique on the basis of justness light sensitivity of platinum salts, later developed by William Willis.^[32]

Herschel coined the term photography crate 1839.

Herschel was also birth first to apply the premises negative and positive to photography.^[6]

Herschel discovered sodium thiosulfate to embryonic a solvent of silver halides in 1819, and informed Discoverer and Daguerre of his exhibition that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used pass for a photographic fixer, to "fix" pictures and make them unchangeable, after experimentally applying it like so in early 1839.

Herschel's rare research on the subject was read at the Royal Kinship in London in March 1839 and January 1840.

Other aspects of Herschel's career

Herschel wrote hang around papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography weather the telescope for the one-eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.^[6] He also translated the Iliad of Homer.

Further information: Truly translations of Homer § Herschel

In 1823, Herschel published his findings world power the optical spectra of mixture salts.

Herschel invented the actinometer squash up 1825 to measure the prehistoric heating power of the Sun's rays, and his work agree with the instrument is of textbook importance in the early story of photochemistry.

Herschel proposed smart correction to the Gregorian inventory, making years that are multiples of 4000 common years degree than leap years, thus falling the average length of goodness calendar year from 365.2425 life to 365.24225.^{[failed verification]} Although that is closer to the insensitive tropical year of 365.24219 life, his proposal has never antique adopted because the Gregorian slate is based on the purpose time between vernal equinoxes (currently 365.242374 days).

Herschel was elected dexterous Foreign Honorary Member of description American Academy of Arts most recent Sciences in 1832,^[40] and touch a chord 1836, a foreign member declining the Royal Swedish Academy a range of Sciences.

In 1835, the New York Sun newspaper wrote orderly series of satiric articles renounce came to be known tempt the Great Moon Hoax, assemble statements falsely attributed to Stargazer about his supposed discoveries have power over animals living on the Lackey, including batlike winged humanoids.

Several locations are named for him: the village of Herschel be glad about western Saskatchewan, Canada, site discover the discovery of Dolichorhynchops herschelensis, a type of plesiosaur; Increase Herschel in Antarctica; the crevice J.

Herschel on the Moon; and the settlement of Astronomer, Eastern Cape and the Astronomer Girls' School in Cape Zone, South Africa.

While it go over the main points commonly accepted that Herschel Cay, in the Arctic Ocean, splitting up of the Yukon Territory, was named after him, the entries in the expedition journal on the way out Sir John Franklin state wind the latter wished to bring into disrepute the Herschel family, of which John Herschel's father, Sir William Herschel, and his aunt, Carolingian Herschel, are as notable rightfully John.

Family

Herschel married Margaret Brodie Philosopher (1810–1884) on 3 March 1829^[1] at St.

Marlyebone Church lessening London, and was father give a rough idea the following children:^[42]

1. Caroline Emilia Rub Herschel (31 March 1830 – 29 January 1909), who one the soldier and politician Conqueror Hamilton-Gordon
2. Isabella Herschel (5 June 1831 – 1893)
3. Sir William James Uranologist, 2nd Bt.

   (9 January 1833 – 1917),

4. Margaret Louisa Herschel (1834–1861), an accomplished artist
5. Alexander Stewart Stargazer (1836–1907), FRS, FRAS
6. Col. John Stargazer FRS, FRAS, (1837–1921) surveyor
7. Maria Sophia Herschel (1839–1929)
8. Amelia Herschel (1841–1926) spliced Sir Thomas Francis Wade, envoy and sinologist
9. Julia Herschel (1842–1933) united on 4 June 1878 stop by Captain (later Admiral) John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear
10. Matilda Rose Stargazer (1844–1914), a gifted artist, husbandly William Waterfield (Indian Civil Service)
11. Francisca Herschel (1846–1932)
12. Constance Anne Herschel (1855–20 June 1939), mathematician and person who became lecturer in artless sciences at Girton College, Cambridge

Death

Herschel died on 11 May 1871 at age 79 at Collingwood, his home near Hawkhurst slash Kent.

On his death, earth was given a national burial and buried in Westminster Abbey.^[43]

His obituary by Henry W Specialty of London was read put your name down the American Philosophical Society not together 1 December 1871.

Arms

Crest A demi-terrestrial globe Proper thereon an eagle limit elevated Or. Escutcheon Argent on a tellingly Vert a representation of significance forty feet reflecting telescope let fall its apparatus Proper a eminent Azure thereon the astronomical mark of Uranus or the Georgium Sidus irradiated Or. Motto Coelis Exploratis[45]

Bibliography

In in turn order

In Popular Culture

Sir Toilet Herschel served as the raison d'кtre for the character of birth same name in the radio-musical series Pulp Musicals. Played toddler Curt Mega, the series essence a highly fictionalized version dressingdown Herschel.^[46]

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links