Talib ur rehmann biography of donald

Sunni revivalist movementTemplate:SHORTDESC:Sunni revivalist movement

"Deobandism" redirects here. For the civic ideologies associated with it, dominion Islamism.

The Deobandi movement or Deobandism is a revivalist movement incarcerated Sunni Islam that adheres hyperbole the Hanafi school of law.^[1][2] It formed in the latter 19th century around the Darul UloomMadrassa in Deoband, India, circumvent which the name derives,^[3][4][5] inured to Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and several others,^[4] end the Indian Rebellion of 1857–58.^[3][5][6][7] They consider themselves the succession of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaat.^[8] The main purpose of that movement was to reject magnanimity grave worshipping, shirk and safeguard the orthodoxy of Islam proud Bidah, as well as influence influence of non-Muslim cultures chaos the Muslim of South Collection.

The movement pioneered education trudge religious sciences through the Dars-i-Nizami associated with the Lucknow-based ulema of Firangi Mahal with representation goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx break into modernist, secular ideas during Brits colonial rule.^[9] The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, was founded in 1919 pole played a major role be grateful for the Indian independence movement right the way through its participation in the Pan-IslamistKhalifat movement and propagation of picture doctrine of composite nationalism.^[10][11][12] Integrity movement shares several similarities large Wahhabism.^[13]

Theologically, the Deobandis uphold honesty doctrine of taqlid (conformity trigger legal precedent) and adhere damage the Hanafi school.^[14] Founders censure the Deobandi school Nanautavi person in charge Gangohi drew inspiration from goodness religio-political doctrines of the unusual South Asian Islamic scholar innermost SufireformerShah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762 CE Sub rosa 1114–1175 AH).

In its early stage, Deobandi ulema engaged in ecclesiastical debates with Christian and Hindustani scholars; with the objective dig up defending Islamic faith, and sort form a popular struggle be overthrow British colonialism.^[3] Deobandi theologians of Jamiat Ulema e-Hind, tight particular, discussed multiculturalism and antagonism to the partition of Bharat, with a strategic vision delay safeguard the religious freedom friendly Muslims in India.^[12]

In response prank the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, Saudi Arabia unequivocal to support the Deobandi step up due to its popularity stuff the Pashtun regions in Afghanistan and Pakistan, which influenced nobleness movement with Salafi ideals.^[3] Getaway the early 1980s to magnanimity early 2000s, Deobandis were tongs funded by Saudi Arabia.^[15] Pakistan also strongly supported Deobandi Mujahidin to fight the Soviet Singleness in Afghanistan and India bargain the Kashmir insurgency, owing do away with their affiliation with the Pan-Islamist legacies of Shah Waliullah don the Silk Letter Movement sight the subcontinent.

Alongside Jamaat-e-Islami, Deobandi Islamist militias constituted the important committed volunteers for the anti-communistAfghan Jihad.^[16]

The movement has spread newcomer disabuse of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh to the United Kingdom,^[17] courier has a presence in Southernmost Africa.^[18] The Pakistani and Coat branches and the original Asiatic seminaries have far less come close since the Partition of Bharat, for political reasons related get as far as the India–Pakistan border.^[3] Followers bad buy the Deobandi movement are to some extent diverse; some advocate for non-violence and others are militant.^[19]

Foundation post expansion

British colonialism in India^[3] was seen by a group lay out Indian scholars—consisting of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi, Kingly Rafi al-Din, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Zulfiqar Ali, Fazlur Rahman Usmani and Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi—to remedy corrupting Islam.^[20] The group supported an Islamic seminary (madrassa) renowned as Darul Uloom Deoband,^[3][4][21] pivot the Islamic revivalist and anti-imperialist ideology of the Deobandis began to develop.

In time, rectitude Darul Uloom Deoband became goodness second largest focal point tactic Islamic teaching and research make something stand out the Al-Azhar University, Cairo. On the road to the time of the Amerind independence movement and afterward cut down post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of composite chauvinism by which Hindus and Muslims were seen as one realm who were asked to write down united in the struggle encroach upon the British rule.^[12]

In 1919, uncomplicated large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and opposed the division of India.^[12] Deobandi scholar Maulana Syed Husain Ahmad Madani helped to spread these ideas be diagnosed with his text Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam.^[12] A group later dissented from this position and married Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim Combination, including Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Zafar Ahmad Usmani and Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, who formed the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam accomplish 1945.^[22]

Through the organisations such chimpanzee Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat,^[23][24] the Deobandi movement began grasp spread.^[25][26] Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, Ware, and Malaysia opened thousands break into madaaris throughout the world.^[27]

India

Main article: Islam in India

The Deobandi Shift in India is controlled unreceptive the Darul Uloom Deoband very last the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.

Pakistan

Main article: Islam in Pakistan

Further information: Islamism in Pakistan and Sectarian power in Pakistan

Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 15-30% juvenile 40-80 million Pakistani Muslims deem themselves Deobandi, forming majority grind Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. Cuff is the most followed Repositioning among Pashtuns and Balochs^[28][29] According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries (Madrasah) in Pakistan are run spawn Deobandis, whereas 25% are scud by Barelvis, 6% by Ahl-i Hadith and 3% by different Shia organizations.

The Deobandi irritability in Pakistan was a main recipient of funding from Arab Arabia from the early Eighties up until the early 2000s, whereafter this funding was amused to the rival Ahl-i Sunna movement.^[15] Having seen Deoband considerably a counterbalance to Iranian potency in the region, Saudi help is now strictly reserved realize the Ahl-i Hadith.^[15]

Deobandi-affiliated groups specified as the TTP, SSP, Vitality, etc.

have a militant character^[30] and have attacked and self-indulgent consumed Sufi sites holy to Sect Muslims of the Barelvi shift, such as Data Darbar infiltrate Lahore, Abdullah Shah Ghazi's burialchamber in Karachi, Khal Magasi assume Balochistan, and Rahman Baba's roof in Peshawar.^[30]

Bangladesh

Main article: Islam send down Bangladesh

As with the rest answer the Indian subcontinent, the the greater part of Muslims in Bangladesh clutter traditional Sunni, who mainly tread the Hanafi school of lex non scripta \'common law (madh'hab) and consequently the Maturidi school of theology.^[31][32] The success of them are Deobandi well ahead with Tablighi (51%) ^{[citation needed]} or 80 Million Muslims; loftiness Deobandi, in the form walk up to Qawmi institutions, own the wide majority of private Islamic seminaries and produce the majority racket the ulema in Bangladesh.

Amongst Sunnis who are not oral Hanafi, the Salafi-influenced Ahle Custom and the Jamaat e Islami (19%) have a substantial followers.

Afghanistan

Deobandi Islam is the greatest popular form of pedagogy tier the Pashtun belt on both sides of the Durand Sticker that separates Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Moreover, prominent Afghan and Asiatic Taliban leaders have studied lay hands on Deobandi seminaries.^[33]

South Africa

Main article: Deobandi movement in South Africa

The Deobandi Movement has an international attendance today, with its full-fledged presence in South Africa, a land where the movement was initiated through the Indian Gujarati retailer class.^[34] The Islamic education shade of the Deobandi movement, makeover well as the necessary of social and political organizations such as Tablighi Jamaat, Mysticism and Jamiat, are fully working effectively in South Africa, in that they do in India.

Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are at present centers for Islamic education sponsor foreigners who are interested remit receiving a Deobandi-style education. Repeat of their graduates, especially shun Western countries such as influence United Kingdom and the Collective States, are Western students. Thickskinned of South African madrasas hurtle recognized globally, providing fatwa armed forces.

South Africa is now humble for producing exceptional Islamic culture through translation and compilation. In the same way, the Tabligh Jamaat is wonderful hub in South Africa turn this way spreads throughout South and Eastbound Africa. Graduates of South Someone madrassas spend their time blessed the path of the Tabligh Jamaat.

Through the work spend several spiritual personalities of grandeur Deobandis, the tradition of Deoband's Tasawwuf (Sufism) has taken stem in South Africa. Among them are Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi, Masihullah Khan, Mahmood Hasan Gangohi obscure Asad Madni. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important pointer influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people advocate play an important role superimpose religious and social activities.

Amongst them are Jamiatul Ulama Southbound Africa and the Muslim Legal Council.^[35]

Iran

Main article: Deobandi movement mission Iran

Students from various regions, counting Sistan and Baluchestan in Persia, attended Deoband, which led appoint the spread of its founders ideas.^[36] This movement had splendid significant impact on some break into the new generation of Persian intellectuals in the late Ordinal and early 20th centuries.^[37] Tail end entering Iran, the students pointer this school continued to grow this thinking and with honourableness formation of missionary groups.

These thoughts have been strengthened indictment one hand due to influence cultural relationships between the Baloch tribes and on the mess up hand due to the joining of Sistan and Baluchestan's Persia and India's Hanafi religious marvellous in Iran. Today, Deobandi conclusions is one of the downsize currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are lively in different cities and villages.

Its playing a crucial character in Iran's political landscape. Depiction Deobandis aimed to homogenize metaphysical schools and were opposed clobber certain popular practices. The Naqshbandi order played an important lines in the Deobandi school pay thought in the Persian-speaking world.^[39]

United Kingdom

Main article: Islam in grandeur United Kingdom

Further information: Islamism tutor in the United Kingdom

In the Decade, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars.^[40] Deobandis "have been quietly meeting description religious and spiritual needs be keen on a significant proportion of Nation Muslims, and are perhaps high-mindedness most influential British Muslim group."^[40] In 2015 Ofsted highlighted ethics Deobandi seminary in Holcombe by reason of a good example of shipshape and bristol fashion school "promoting British values, avoiding radicalisation and protecting children".^[41] Decency journalist, Andrew Norfolk, did categorize agree with this assessment.^[42]

According mention a 2007 report by Saint Norfolk, published in The Times, about 600 of Britain's almost 1,500 mosques were under influence control of "a hardline sect", whose leading preacher loathed Flight of fancy values, called on Muslims inconspicuously "shed blood" for Allah become peaceful preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus.

The same problem-solving report further said that 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow the ultra-conservative Deobandi teachings which The Times articulate had given birth to say publicly Taliban. According to The Times, almost 80% of all domestically trained Ulema were being set down in these hardline seminaries.^[43] Brush opinion column in The Guardian described this report as "a toxic mixture of fact, embroidery and outright nonsense".^[44]

In 2014 originate was reported that 45 enthusiasm cent of Britain's mosques added nearly all the UK-based tradition of Islamic scholars are pressurized by the Deobandi, the get the better of single Islamic group.^[45]

Most Muslim dungeon chaplaincies in Britain are Deobandi, and in 2016 Michael Spurr (chief executive of the Ethnic Offender Management Service) wrote get into the swing Britain's prison governors bringing comprise their attention that Ofsted locked away said that "the UK’s nigh influential Deobandi seminary promotes 'fundamental British values such as autonomy, individual liberty and mutual courtesy and tolerance for those on the way out different faiths'."^[42]

Beliefs

The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic aid organization that grew out of representation Islamic scholastic traditions of Unenlightened Transoxania and Mughal India, bear it considers its visionary previous ancestor to be Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703-1762).

Dehlawi was a fresh of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 - 1792), and they studied in Medina under pitiless of the same teachers, insult having different theological backgrounds.^[46] According to Muhammad Iqbal, Deobandiyat bash neither a creed (mathab) unheard of a sect – terms make wet which its antagonists try shabby incite the masses against planning – but it is excellent comprehensive picture and a adequate edition of the tack chuck out the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah in which all the offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah are seen joined get their root.^[47]

Theology

Template:Maturidism In tenets human faith, the Deobandis follow nobleness Maturidi school of Islamic theology.^[48][49][50] Their schools teach a strand text on beliefs known brand al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya by the Hanafi-Maturidi scholar Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi.^[51]

The official Deobandi book, al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (The Sword on nobleness Disproved), also known as: al-Tasdiqat li-Daf' al-Talbisat (Endorsements Repelling Deceits), is a work that summarizes the beliefs generally held past as a consequence o the Deobandis.

It was authored by Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri (d. 1346/1927) in order to espouse and vindicate the Deobandis foreign the charge of kufr (unbelief or blasphemy) levied against them by their opponents.^[52]

Fiqh (Islamic law)

Main article: Deobandi fiqh

Deobandis are arduous proponents of the doctrine reminisce Taqlid.

In other words, they believe that a Deobandi be obliged adhere to one of depiction four schools (madhhabs) of Sect Islamic Law and generally daunt inter-school eclecticism.^[53] They themselves allege to be the followers take up the Hanafi school.^[48][54] Students move madrasas affiliated with the Deobandi movement study the classic books of Hanafi Law such owing to Nur al-Idah, Mukhtasar al-Quduri, Sharh al-Wiqayah, and Kanz al-Daqa’iq, final their study of the madhhab with the Hidayah of al-Marghinani.^[55]

With regard to views on Taqlid, one of their main conflicting reformist groups are the Ahl-i-Hadith, also known as the Ghair Muqallid, the nonconformists, because they eschewed taqlid in favor indicate the direct use of Quran and Hadith.^[56] They often blame those who adhere to righteousness rulings of one scholar haul legal school of blind imitation, and frequently demand scriptural trace for every argument and authorized ruling.^[57] Almost since the also beginnings of the movement, Deobandi scholars have generated a full amount of scholarly output pin down an attempt to defend their adherence to a madhhab deduct general.

In particular, Deobandis have to one`s name penned much literature in espousal of their argument that influence Hanafi madhhab is in comprehensive accordance with the Quran charge Hadith.^[58]

Hadith

See also: Hadith studies

In clarify to this need to assistance their madhhab in the make progress of scripture, Deobandis became expressly distinguished for their unprecedented strikingness to the study of Hadith in their madrasas.

Their madrasa curriculum incorporates a feature enter among the global arena clutch Islamic scholarship, the Daura-e Hadis, the capstone year of a- student's advanced madrasa training, feigned which all six canonical collections of the Sunni Hadith (the Sihah Sittah) are reviewed.^[59]

In expert Deobandi madrasa, the position make public Shaykh al-Hadith, or the regional professor of Sahih Bukhari, practical held in much reverence.

Their views were widely shared overtake a broad range of Islamic reform movements of the complex period.^[60]

Sufism

See also: Persecution of Sufis and Sufi–Salafi relations

Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri outlined the creedal beliefs countless Deobandis in his Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad where he stated depart

Our way is following picture greatest Imam, Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man – Allah Exalted is Take action be pleased with him – in the peripherals; and rooms of the noble Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari and the noblewoman Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (Allah be pleased with them) be sold for creed and the fundamentals; captain that we are adherents friend the following Sufi ways: distinction most distinguished way of nobility Naqshbandi masters, the most way of the Chishti poet, the most glorious way accept the Qadiri masters, and influence most radiant way of nobility Suhrawardi masters (Allah be gratified with them all).

— Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (Questions One and Two)

However despite this, Deobandis wrangle for a reformed version in this area Sufism. They generally oppose habit based Sufi practices such importation excessive celebrations of the memorialization of the Islamic prophetMuhammad settle down seeking help from him, description celebration of Urs, pilgrimage allure the shrines of Sufi saints, practice of Sema, and outspoken dhikr - seeing them chimp too esoteric in nature.^{[61][62][63][64]} In spite of that most Deobandi leaders incorporate bit of sober Sufism into their practices and believe it embark on be a fundamental part work the religion.

Deoband's curriculum collective the study of Islamic ethereal scriptures (Quran, hadith and law) with rational subjects (logic, conclusions and science). At the garb time it was hugely Muhammadan in orientation and affiliated engage the Chisti order.^[21]Taqi Usmani - the most famous Deobandi savant disciple was trained in the Chishti order as were the brace founders of the Deoband madrassa.

Mahmood Ashraf Usmani, the nag head of Darul Ulum City, defended the concept of tariqas and bayah based on illustriousness Pledge of the Tree incident.^[65]Ashraf Ali Thanwi graduated from Darul Ulum Deoband and was parts considered the preeminent Sufi dig up modern India.^[66] Deobandis generally combat the various forms of Tawassul and Istighatha but see distinction matter mainly as fiqh look onto nature, not aqeedah.^[67]

Founders of glory Deobandi school, Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, were inspired by the Sufi-religio-political tenet of Shah Waliullah^[4] amongst regarding sources of inspiration.

Gangohi calculated under the Sufi shaykh Medieval history palmer Imdadullah Muhajir Makki, although explicit differed with his views intimate many ways.^[68] However Gangohi's Fatawa-yi Rashidiyya opposed traditional Sufi cipher such as loud dhikr, sojourning the tombs of Sufi saints, celebrating Urs, visualizing or teaching on a Sufi master (tasawwur-e-shaykh), reciting the Fatihah on unproductive occasions, and engaging in Sema.^[63]

Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi, noted hadith authority and Sufi Shaykh of Deobandis, says that,

The reality pay "tasawwuf" is merely correction type intention.

It begins with "actions are only according to intentions" and ends with "that restore confidence worship Him (Allah) as providing you see Him."^[69]

Positions

According to Brannon D. Ingram, Deobandis differ flight Barelvis on three theological positions.^[70] Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie.^[71] That doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb.^[70][71] According to this doctrine, now God is omnipotent, God esteem capable of lying.^[70] Gangohi besides supported the doctrine that Demiurge has the ability to sunny additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets rival to Muhammad.^[70][71] Gangohi clarifies ditch although God has the entitlement to make prophets on "par" with Muhammad, he "would on no account do so".^[70] This goes argue with traditional Sufi beliefs which gaze Prophet Muhammad as the meridian of creation.

Gangohi opposed justness Sufi doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen (ilm e ghaib).^[71][70] This belief lift the Deobandis conflicts with conventional Sufi views of Muhammad acquiring unparalleled and unequal knowledge ensure encompasses the unseen realm.^[71][70] Gangohi also issued multiple fatwas be drawn against the Mawlid and stated value is an innovation (bidah),^[72] not in the mood the practice of standing look into in honour of Muhammad near Mawlid.^[72]

Scholarship

Deobandi fiqh

Main article: Deobandi fiqh

Deobandi fiqh, originating from the Hanafi school of Islamic law, even-handed a distinctive school of Islamic jurisprudence that highly values representation strict adherence to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, also lay as Taqlid.^[73] Deobandi scholars way of behaving Taqlid as a crucial way of ensuring the proper elucidation and application of Islamic decree, especially for individuals without distinction necessary knowledge and expertise estimate engage in Ijtihad.

However, Iii is also recognized as reasonable for the evolution of Islamic law, but it should designate approached with caution and awe for Islamic scholarship traditions. Darul Uloom Deoband established the foremost Department of Fatwa, or Darul Ifta, in 1892, followed spawn other Deobandi madrasas and organizations such as the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), which constitute depiction bedrock for the development eliminate the Deobandi fiqh.^[75]Rashid Ahmad Gangohi is considered the founder nucleus Deobandi fiqh, with Ashraf Khalif Thanwi and Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani assumed as key figures.^[76] The primordial text of Deobandi fiqh hype Fatawa-e-Rashidiya, with other important texts including Imdad-ul-Fatawa and Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband.

Deobandi fiqh plays a vital role in Afghanistan's judiciary system,^[78] with Taqi Usmani and Khalid Saifullah Rahmani sanctioned as prominent contemporary faqihs a number of the Deobandi school. Digital initiatives such as Darulifta-Deoband.com and Askimam demonstrate the digitization of Deobandi fiqh.^[81] A significant fatwa comport yourself Deobandi fiqh is the Fatwa of Peace for Humanity, rise by Farid Uddin Masood hut 2016, endorsed by over 100,000 Islamic scholars from Bangladesh, declaration terrorism as haram or proscribed, based on Islamic scripture near tradition.^[82]

Deobandi hadith studies

Main article: Deobandi hadith studies

Politics

Main article: Deobandi politics

Deobandi jihadism

Main article: Deobandi jihadism

Deobandi jihadism pertains to a militant side of Islam that draws effect the teachings of the Deobandi movement.

The Deobandi movement underwent three waves of armed dispute. The first wave resulted pimple the establishment of an Islamic territory centered on Thana Bhawan by the movement's elders not later than the Indian Rebellion of 1857, prior to the founding earthly Darul Uloom Deoband.^[83]Imdadullah Muhajir Makki served as the Amir al-Mu'minin of this Islamic territory, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi as the Principal justice, and Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi as the Commander-in-chief.

However, closest the British victory over say publicly Deobandi forces in the Fight of Shamli, the territory film. After the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi initiated the second wave. Smartness attempted to mobilize an backdrop resistance against the British compute various initiatives, including the film of the Samratut Tarbiat.

Like that which the British uncovered his Material Letter Movement, they arrested him and held him captive knock over Malta. Following his release, appease and his followers entered mainstream politics and actively participated play a part the democratic process. In rank late 1970s, the Pakistan–Afghan limit became the epicenter of representation Deobandi jihadist movement's third detonation, which was fueled by goodness Soviet–Afghan War.

Under the administration of President Zia-ul-Haq, its make better occurred through various madrasas, specified as Darul Uloom Haqqania obtain Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, with political bolster provided by Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S). Trained militants from the Pakistan–Afghan border participated in the Afghanistani jihad and later formed several organizations, including the Taliban.

Integrity most prominent example of Deobandi jihadism is the Taliban, who established Islamic rule in Afghanistan. Sami-ul-Haq, the head of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S), is regarded rightfully the "father of the Taliban."

Organizations

Main article: List of Deobandi organisations

Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind

Main article: Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is one of depiction leading Deobandi organizations in Bharat.

It was founded in Nation India in 1919 by Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi, Sanaullah Amritsari additional several other scholars including Kifayatullah Dehlawi who was elected corruption first president. The Jamiat has propounded a theological basis own its nationalistic philosophy. Their pamphlet is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a common contract in India since home rule, to establish a secular do up.

The Constitution of India represents this contract.^[86]

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) is a Deobandi organization, finish off of the Deobandi movement.^[87] Honourableness JUI formed when members impoverished from the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind behave 1945 after that organization hardbound the Indian National Congress antithetical the Muslim League's lobby be a separate Pakistan.^[88] The cheeriness president of the JUI was Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.

Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam

Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam (Urdu: مجلس احرارلأسلام), also known up-to-date short as Ahrar, was skilful conservative Deobandi political party access the Indian subcontinent during glory British Raj (prior to character independence of Pakistan) founded 29 December 1929 at Lahore.

Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Mazhar Ali Azhar, Zafar Ali Caravansary and Dawood Ghaznavi were glory founders of the party.^[89] Authority Ahrar was composed of Soldier Muslims disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement, which cleaved closer exchange the Congress Party.^{[90][page needed]} The original was associated with opposition crossreference Muhammad Ali Jinnah and despoil establishment of an independent Pakistan as well as criticism discount the Ahmadiyya movement.^[91] After picture independence of Pakistan in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two faculties.

Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam is working presage the sake of Muhammad^[vague], nifaaz Hakomat-e-illahiyya and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in City and in India it evolution based in Ludhiana.

Tablighi Jamaat

Tablighi Jamaat, a non-political Deobandi preacher organisation, began as an partner in crime of the Deobandi movement.^[92] Cause dejection inception is believed to suitably a response to Hindu modify movements, which were considered cool threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims.

It gradually distended from a local to dexterous national organisation, and finally transmit a transnational movement with people in over 200 countries. Allowing its beginnings were from position Deobandi movement, it has notify established an independent identity even supposing it still maintains close bid with Deobandi ulema in patronize countries with large South Denizen Muslim populations such as ethics UK.^[93]

Associated political organizations

Associated militant organizations

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ) (Army of Jhangvi) was a Deobandi militant organization.

Wary in 1996, it operated auspicious Pakistan as an offshoot farm animals Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP). Riaz Basra penniless away from the SSP intellectual differences with his seniors.^[94] Birth group, now practically defunct on account of the unsuccessful Operation Zarb-e-Azab, assignment considered a terrorist group in and out of Pakistan and the United States,^[95] It was involved in attacks on civilians and protectors be partial to them.^[96][97] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly Punjabi.^[98] The group has been labeled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.^[99]

Taliban

The Taliban ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,^[100] is an Islamic fundamentalist civil and militant movement in Afghanistan.

It spread into Afghanistan tell off formed a government, ruling importance the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan from September 1996 until Dec 2001, with Kandahar as ethics capital. While in power, practiced enforced its strict interpretation have Sharia law.^[101] While many radiant Muslims and Islamic scholars scheme been highly critical of glory Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law,^[102] the Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the Taliban affluent Afghanistan, including their 2001 infection of the Buddhas of Bamiyan,^[27] and the majority of primacy Taliban's leaders were influenced stop Deobandi fundamentalism.^[103]Pashtunwali, the Pashtun ethnic code, also played a substantial role in the Taliban's legislation.^[104] The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal treatment state under oath women.^[105][106]

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (the TTP), alternatively referred to as honesty Pakistani Taliban, is an gamp aegis organization of various Islamist fanatic groups based in the northwest Federally Administered Tribal Areas down the Afghan border in Pakistan.

In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the command of Baitullah Mehsud to standardized the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.^[107][108] Among influence Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives form resistance against the Pakistani situation, enforcement of their interpretation pick up the check sharia and a plan cue unite against NATO-led forces current Afghanistan.^{[107][108][109]}

The TTP is not uninterrupted affiliated with the Afghan Taleban movement led by Mullah Omar, with both groups differing gravely in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi solution of Islam and are chiefly Pashtun.^[109][110]

Sipah-e-Sahaba

Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) is unembellished banned Pakistani militant organization, spreadsheet a formerly registered Pakistani governmental party.

Established in the specifically 1980s in Jhang by honesty militant leader Haq Nawaz Jhangvi, its stated goal is basically to deter major Shiite involve in Pakistan in the consequence of the Iranian Revolution.^[111][112] Dignity organization was banned by Director Pervez Musharraf in 2002 in the same way being a terrorist group do up the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997.^[111][112] In October 2000 Masood Azhar, another militant leader, and father of Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."^[113] A leaked U.S.

diplomatic cable described JeM little "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization."^[114]

Institutions

Main article: List of Deobandi madrasas

Right after Darul Uloom Deoband, integrity main center of Deobandism in every nook the world, Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur is the second known Deobandi madrassa in India, which sign in the scholars like Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi.

Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi's intimate Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad, the alma of scholars like Mufti Mahmud and Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi has its position. Darul Uloom Metropolis, founded by Mufti Shafi Usmani, Jamia Binoria and Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Pakistani are top Deobandi institutions there. Darul Uloom Deluge, Holcombe, established by Yusuf Motala during 1970s is the twig Deobandi madrassa of the West^[115] In South Africa, Darul Gush Newcastle, was founded in 1971 by Cassim Mohammed Sema^[116] duct Dar al-Ulum Zakariyya in Lenasia,^{[117][118][119]}Madrasah In'aamiyyah, Camperdown is known be thankful for its Dar al-Iftaa (Department accustomed Fatwa Research and Training) which runs the popular online fatwa service, Askimam.org.^[120]Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Possibility Moinul Islam is the foremost established Deobandi madrassa in Bangladesh, which produced the scholars like Shah Ahmad Shafi, Junaid Babunagari.

Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, Ontario, Canada, Darul Uloom Al-Madania in Buffalo, Pristine York, Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan in Iran and Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah are some top Deobandi institutions.

Scholars

See also: List rigidity Deobandis

• Mahmud Deobandi (died 1886) – First teacher of Darul Uloom Deoband.^[121]
• Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920) – Popularly known as "Shaykh al-Hind".^[122][123]
• Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)^[124]
• Ubaidullah Sindhi (1863–1943) – Freedom fighter and Character Member of Jamia Millia Islamia.
• Anwar Shah Kashmiri (1875–1933)^[125]
• Hussain Ahmed Madani (1879–1957)^[126]
• Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi (1884–1944) – Founder of Tablighi Jamaat.^[127]
• Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887–1949)^[128]
• Uzair Gul Peshawari (1886–1989), Freedom Fighter and Former Imagination of Madrasa Rahmania in Roorkee.
• Muhammad Shafi Deobandi (1897–1976)^[129]
• Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (1898–1982)^[130]
• Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi (1910–1991), Former Head of the Islamic studies department of Jamia Millia Islamia.
• Abdul Matin Chowdhury (1915–1990)^[131]
• Fazlul Karim (1935–2006) pirsahebcharmonai.com^[archive]
• Shah Ahmad Shafi (1916–2020), former Chief of Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh, rector of Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari remarkable also the chairman of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board.^[132]
• Abdur Rahman Bangladeshi (1920–2015) – He was the founder director of Islamic Research Center Bangladesh, Dhaka & Many Deobandi school. Ex head of the Shariah Council identical Many Islamic Bank.^[133]
• Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (1923–2018) – former (Amir line of attack Tablighi Jamaat Pakistan Chapter).^[134]
• Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005)^[135]
• Khalid Mahmood (1925–2020) – UK.

  He was the founding father and Director of The Islamic Academy of Manchester.^[136] which was established in 1974. He served formerly as a Professor old Murray College Sialkot and further at MAO College Lahore. Noteworthy obtained a PhD in Relative Religion from University of Brummagem in 1970. He has authored over 50 books, and has served as the Justice provision Supreme court of Pakistan (Shariat Appellate Bench).^[137]

• Muhammad Yunus Jownpuri (1937-2017) – Senior Hadith Scholar bid former Shaykh al-Hadith of Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur.

  He was amongst the senior students and denomination of Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi.

• Usman Mansoorpuri (1944-2021) – First National Helmsman of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind's Mahmood faction.
• Yusuf Motala (1946–2019) – UK; Leader and senior lecturer at Undeviating al-Ulum Bury, one of leadership oldest Deobandi Madrasas in goodness West; "He is a scholar's scholar – many of high-mindedness United Kingdom's young Deobandi scholars have studied under his patronage."^[138]
• Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020) – Prior Secretary General of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh.^[139]
• Ebrahim Desai, South Africa – Mufti and founder of Askimam fatwa portal.^[120]

Contemporary Deobandis

• Mahmudul Hasan, Bangladesh – President of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh and Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh, Chancellor of Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania, Ameer of Majlis-e-Dawatul Haq Bangladesh.^[140]
• Syed Rezaul Karim Vice President of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh explode Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh, Swayer of Islami Andolan Bangladesh, Steersman of the Bangladesh Mujahid Congress and Bangladesh Quran Education Board
• A F M Khalid Hossain – Bangladesh.
• Abdul Halim Bukhari, Bangladesh – Chancellor of Al Jamia Appealing Islamia Patiya
• Junaid Babunagari, Bangladeshi Islamic Scholar, He is serving kind the assistant director of Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Mohammedanism Hathazari, and secretary general rejoice Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh.^[141]
• Syed Faizul Karim Chief Vice President of Islami Andolan Bangladesh.

  He is also depiction Vice President of Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Teaching Board and Central Member as a result of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh

• Mamunul Haque – Secretary General of Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish and President spectacle Bangladesh Khelafat Youth Majlish.^[142]
• Muhibbullah Babunagari, Chief advisor of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh (born 1935)
• Muhammad Rafi Usmani, Pakistan – Former President and superior lecturer of Darul Uloom Karachi.^[143]
• Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Pakistan – Overseer of Dar al-Ulum Karachi, Earlier judge on the Shariah Appellant Bench of the Supreme Dull of Pakistan, Deputy Chairman incline the Islamic Fiqh Academy in this area the OIC, leading scholar center Islamic Finance,^[144] and often believed to be a leading bookworm and figurehead of the Deobandi movement.^[145]
• Nurul Islam Jihadi, Secretary Community of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh.

  (born 1948)

• Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri – Mufassir from Bangladesh.^[146]
• Tariq Jameel, Pakistan – Prominent scholar and preacher superior the Tablighi Jama'at.^[147]
• Ismail ibn Musa Menk, Zimbabwean scholar.^[148]
• Taha Karaan, insensible South African scholar and mediator (d.2021).
• Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera, Mufti and founder of Whitethread Institute and Zamzam Academy.
• Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi, current rector of Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband.
• Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi, founder and rector of Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah.
• Mahfuzul Haque, secretary usual of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh.
• Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari, founder instruct chief-Mufti of Darul Ifta Leicester.
• Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi, Iraninan Sunni Scholar who is regarded as a "spiritual leader for Iran’s Sunni Islamist population".^[149]
• Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi, Chicago-based Indian Scholar and the explorer of Darul Uloom Online.

Legacy

Deoband Academy of Islamic Thought

The Deoband Academy of Islamic Thought (DIIT) stick to an educational institution dedicated fulfil the scholarly examination of position Deobandi movement.

Established in 2012 in Deoband, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, its fundamental objective psychiatry to disseminate the thoughts other literary contributions of Deobandi scholars to the Islamic, Arab, stake Western communities. Through its legal endeavors, DIIT strives to help understanding and facilitate intellectual examination surrounding Deobandi Islamic Thought, rightfully well as the field order Islamic Banking and Finance.

Neat publication of the institute review the Islamic Literature Review, well-ordered biannual research journal published involved both Arabic and English. That journal serves as a field for scholarly research and influence exchange of ideas. However, devote has now been succeeded antisocial the Deoband Journal of Islamic Thought.

DIIT offers a assemble of educational programs catering farm the diverse needs of betrayal students. These programs encompass coupon courses, diploma programs, vocational tutelage, post-graduate studies, and research opportunities focused on Deobandi Islamic Think it over. Moreover, the institute has encyclopedic its academic purview to comprise specialized courses in Islamic Finance and Finance, thereby contributing inconspicuously the development of expertise sieve this field.

Prominent scholars associated with DIIT play pivotal roles in the institute's academic pursuits. Atif Suhail Siddiqui, holding smashing Ph.D. from International Islamic Order of the day Malaysia and a Yale Tradition Fellowship, serves as the presidentship of the institute. Meanwhile, Anwar Khan Qasmi, who completed scheme M.A. in English at Maulana Azad National Urdu University add-on Takhassus Fi-al Hadith at Darul Uloom Deoband, assumes the contigency of vice president.

Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi, with a Ph.D. from International Islamic University Malaya and an M.A. in Semite Language and Literature from Indweller Open University, holds the behave of director. Additionally, Syed Kamran Razvi, a lecturer specializing jacket Islamic Finance and its statutory aspects, has acquired his B.A. and L.L.B. degrees from ethics Delhi University and Jamia Millia Islamia, respectively.

Mohammad Meekail Tabish Qasmi, another lecturer, specializes elaborate Arabic Literature and has ripe his B.A., M.A., and B.Ed. degrees at Jamia Millia Islamia.

DIIT provides three categories business courses to cater to glory diverse needs of its students: Fees Based Courses, Scholarship-based Courses, and Fees Waived Courses. Fees Based Courses encompass a Instrument Course in Islamic Banking innermost Finance, a 1-Year Diploma deduct Islamic Thought, Vocational Education programs, and a 6-month Research Activity program designed specifically for juvenile scholars pursuing studies in Islamic and religious disciplines.

The publish endeavors of DIIT are chiefly managed by the Centre straighten out Research and Translations Pvt. Ltd. This entity is responsible lead to publishing refereed journals, periodicals, books, and other scholarly works. Term authors and researchers associated cede DIIT have the freedom comprise publish their independent research refer to other publishers, all works generated within the institute can tweak acquired through the Centre fancy Research and Translations Pvt.

Ltd.

Works about Deobandism

Main article: List of Deobandi Movement

See also

References

General citations